Abstract structures are essentially when objects are placed in relation to one another, it establishes a structure. However, we can only describe a structure if we are able to recognize its pattern. Without any visible structure lines, it is called abstract. These types of structures are all very different from each other.
They are all very distinct, like the formal structures; where the objects are evenly distributed in a grid like structure in a composition, with visible structured lines. Another very distinct structure type is radiation, where a formal repetitive structure is situated around a common center, creating a centrifugal force. There is also the informal structure, when no regularities in the arrangement of objects can be seen. A structure can even be formal as long as the objects do not follow straight structure lines. There is also such thing as an invisible or inactive structure, in which the structure lines are invisible, but our brain fills in the missing pieces so we know where they are. We also see a gradated structure, which works in the same way as a repetitive structure but instead the structure units change in size or form at an even rate. Visual distribution is when objects are positioned in a structure judging by the eye, which can also be called a similarity structure. Every composition has an invisible force that is bound by the limits of the surface with varying degrees of energy following certain axes with regard to form and proportions. These axes or paths found in this invisible force can be called the compositions structural skeleton.
As graphic designers, we use abstract structures much more than we realize. Generally you may not even notice that its there, and often the viewer won’t either. But the great thing about abstract structures is that when they are there, it makes the composition way better than before. Abstract structures have been around for centuries- from Futurism to Dadaism, and de Stijl to Expressionism. Each of these movements had an impact on the abstract structure, and has influenced how we use it today. Abstract structure is aesthetically pleasing to the eye and something we desire in a composition. Structure in general is something that we as designers crave in our compositions, and as humans our eye searches for it. Structures are formulaic solutions for where things go on the page. Structure gives meaning to our compositions, allowing something for our eye to follow. Although the use of grids in graphic design is the most common use of structure, including abstract structures in design creates a whole new level of visual interest. Structure isn’t just a bunch of horizontal and vertical lines on our Photoshop art board- structure is an important tool we as graphic designers need to use to our advantage.
These trippy photos are the perfect example of the abstract structure of radiation. The structure is all situated around a common center, which is at the center of the image. A spiral effect is created, creating a hybrid between a concentric and centrifugal structure. This occurs because the lines have an unequal distance from the center while also having a helical line emerge from the center. It’s pretty amazing what someone can do with some paint and an old drill.
These photos show examples of different types of gradation. The one with the confetti shows gradation of size. From left to right we see the little confetti pieces go from very small, to much larger. The negative space also changes as the confetti gets larger, as the right side of the image is much fuller. The image with the nails shows a very popular trend right now: nail gradation. It showcases the same technique as the confetti image, just on fingernails. At the base of the nail the gold glitter is more repetitive and there is little negative space. It gradually thins out and becomes mostly black at the tip of the nail, creating a even gradation.
Sources:
http://www.graphics.com/article-old/brief-history-grids
http://gizmodo.com/5989899/paint-plus-power-drill-shows-just-how-beautiful-centrifugal-force-can-be
https://www.flickr.com/photos/simoncpage/3578616870/in/set-72157618942330467/
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